Ovarian Cyst: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment Guide

Ovarian cysts are tiny fluid-filled sacs that can quietly grow inside or on the surface of a woman’s ovary. Most of the time, it causes no trouble and disappears on its own, without you even knowing it was there. But sometimes, it can bring discomfort, irregular periods, or other health concerns.

Around 10% of women in India are said to face the problem of ovarian cysts. Hence, understanding what ovarian cysts are, why they form, and when to seek medical help can make a big difference in keeping your reproductive health in check.

What is an Ovarian Cyst?

An ovarian cyst is a small, fluid-filled sac that develops inside or on the surface of a woman’s ovary. Cyst formation on the ovary is quite common and generally goes away with time. However, some women might face severe problems that can lead to complications and need medical attention.

Detecting ovarian cysts early helps prevent complications such as rupture, internal bleeding, or ovarian torsion, which can be very painful. Regular pelvic check-ups and ultrasounds can catch cysts early, making treatment easier and recovery faster.

What are the Different Types of Ovarian Cysts?

Various types of ovarian cysts are generally classified on the basis of their appearance, how they develop and when they develop. Here are the most common types:

Types of Ovarian Cysts	Description
Functional Cysts	This is the most common type of cyst, formed during the menstrual cycle. They usually disappear naturally within a few weeks or months. They further include folicular cyst and leutal cyst.
Cystadenomas	They develop from cells on the surface of the ovary and may contain watery or mucus-like fluid.
Endometriomas	It is caused by endometriosis, when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside it, sometimes on the ovaries.
Polycystic Ovaries	When the ovaries develop many small cysts due to a hormonal imbalance, often linked to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

How Common are Ovarian Cysts in Women?

Ovarian cysts are quite common in women these days. A study published on NCBI states that between 10% to 30% of women will develop at least one cyst during their lifetime. However, another study done at AIIMS institute states that 1 in 4 women suffer from ovarian cysts in India.

A study done by Ovairan Tumours states some devastating results regarding ovarian cysts according to the age group of women:

• Post-menopausal women: Around 16% of women in this group have ovarian cysts
• Reproductive-age women: About 7% of those without symptoms may have cysts
• Children and adolescents: Cysts are less common and only about 1.8% in girls between 5 and 9 years old, but the rate rises during puberty and peaks around age 15

How Does Ovarian Cyst Formation Take Place?

Ovarian cysts usually develop when something is not right with your menstrual cycle. Here is what happens:

• Every month, your ovaries produce small sacs called follicles that hold eggs.
• Normally, one of these follicles releases an egg during ovulation, and the sac dissolves afterwards.
• However, if the sac doesn’t break open to release the egg, it can keep growing and fill with fluid. This is called a functional cyst.
• Sometimes, cysts can also form for other reasons, such as hormonal imbalances, endometriosis, or during pregnancy.

What are the Causes of Ovarian Cysts?

Ovarian cysts can form for different reasons, and most of them are linked to the normal working of a woman’s menstrual cycle. Here are the most common causes:

Ovulation:

Every month, your ovaries release an egg. Sometimes, the tiny sac (called a follicle) that holds the egg doesn’t open properly or doesn’t shrink after releasing the egg. This can cause a simple fluid-filled cyst to form.

Hormonal Imbalance:

Problems with hormones can affect the way eggs are released, leading to cyst formation. For example, conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) can cause multiple small cysts on the ovaries.

Pregnancy:

Sometimes, a cyst forms early in pregnancy to help support it until the placenta develops. These cysts usually go away on their own.

Endometriosis:

In this condition, tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside it. If it attaches to the ovary, it can form a type of cyst called an endometrioma.

Severe Pelvic Infections:

Severe infections in the pelvis can sometimes spread to the ovaries and cause cysts.

Other Rare Causes:

In rare cases, abnormal cell growth can lead to cysts, some of which might need closer medical attention.

Doctor’s Tip: “Never ignore sudden pelvic pain, especially if it’s intense or comes with fever, vomiting, or dizziness. Even if the pain eases after a while, it’s important to get checked.”

What Are the Symptoms of an Ovarian Cyst?

Many ovarian cysts don’t cause any symptoms and go away on their own. In fact, you might have one and never know it’s there. But when symptoms do appear, they can include:

• Pain in the lower belly: This might be on one side where the cyst is. It can be sharp or dull and may come and go.
• Bloating or swelling: Your belly might feel bigger or fuller.
• Changes in your periods: Your menstrual cycle may become irregular, heavier, or lighter.
• Pain during sex: Some cysts can cause discomfort or pain during intercourse.
• Frequent urge to urinate: A big cyst can press on your bladder, making you feel like you have to urinate frequently.
• Feeling full quickly: Even after eating only a small amount.

What Are the Complications of Untreated Ovarian Cysts?

According to the Cleveland Clinic, most ovarian cysts are harmless and go away on their own. But if a cyst keeps growing or is left untreated, it can sometimes cause serious problems. Some complications because of untreated ovarian cysts include:

Ruptured Cyst:

A cyst can burst, causing sudden, sharp pain and internal bleeding. This can be dangerous and may need immediate medical attention.

Ovarian Torsion (Twisting of the Ovary):

A large cyst can make the ovary twist around, cutting off its blood supply. This can cause severe pain, nausea, and vomiting, and it needs urgent surgery to save the ovary.

Cancer Risk:

Most cysts are non-cancerous, but some types, especially in women after menopause, it can be linked to ovarian cancer.

Fertility Problems:

Certain cysts, especially those caused by endometriosis or PCOS, can affect a woman’s ability to get pregnant.

Can Ovarian Cysts Affect Fertility in Women?

Yes, ovarian cysts have a large impact on women's fertility. But cysts linked to certain conditions can cause problems. For example, Endometriosis and PCOS can damage healthy ovarian tissue and affect egg quality.

Note: Many women with ovarian cysts still get pregnant naturally or with fertility treatments. The key is early diagnosis and proper care so the cyst doesn’t cause long-term damage.

When to See a Doctor for Ovarian Cysts Treatment?

Most ovarian cysts don’t cause serious problems, but sometimes they can become an emergency. You should contact a doctor immediately if you notice:

• Suddenly, severe abdominal or pelvic pain
• Fever with nausea or vomiting
• Rapid breathing, dizziness, or weakness

All such conditions can be dangerous if not treated quickly. That’s why you should consult with a fertility expert if you experience any of these warning signs.

How Are Ovarian Cysts Diagnosed in Women?

If your doctor thinks you might have an ovarian cyst, they will use a few simple tests to confirm it and check its size, type, and whether it needs treatment.

Here are some methods of diagnosing ovarian cysts:

• Pelvic Exam: The doctor gently feels your lower belly to check for swelling or lumps near the ovaries.
• Ultrasound Scan: This is the most common test. It uses sound waves to create a picture of your ovaries and any cysts present.
• Laparoscopy: In rare cases, the doctor may do a minor surgery using a thin tube with a camera to look directly at the ovaries. This is usually for cysts that are hard to diagnose with scans alone.

What are the Treatment Options for Ovarian Cysts?

The treatment for an ovarian cyst depends on its size, type, and whether it’s causing symptoms. Here are some treatment methods done by the doctors for treating ovarian cysts:

Wait and Watch

If the cyst is small, harmless, and not causing pain, the doctor may suggest regular check-ups and ultrasound scans to see if it disappears on its own. This is common for functional cysts that form during the menstrual cycle.

Medicines

Birth control pills may be prescribed to stop new cysts from forming and to regulate periods. Pain-relief medicines can help manage discomfort caused by the cyst.

Surgery

If the cyst is large, the doctor may remove it. Surgery can be done using small cuts (laparoscopy) or a bigger cut (laparotomy), depending on the case.

What Happens if Ovarian Cysts are Not Treated for a Long Time?

If you don’t treat ovarian cysts for a long time, they either might resolve on their own over time or they will require medical treatment. In some cases, the cyst may burst (rupture), leading to sudden and severe pain.

In some cases, untreated cysts can twist the ovary (ovarian torsion), which cuts off blood flow and can damage the ovary permanently. While many cysts are harmless, ignoring symptoms for too long may lead to complications that require urgent medical care.

5 Important Lifestyle Tips to Manage Ovarian Cysts

It is important to manage ovarian cysts over time as they might require special care. While some ovarian cysts go away on their own, making small lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve your overall health.

Here are five helpful lifestyle tips to manage ovarian cysts:

Eat a Balanced Diet & Stay Active

Include fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and lean proteins in your meals. Also, regular exercise, like walking, yoga, or light workouts, helps maintain a healthy weight and balance hormones, which may reduce the chances of cyst growth.

Monitor Your Menstrual Cycle

Keep track of your periods and note any unusual changes like missed cycles, heavy bleeding, or severe pain. This can help detect problems early and get timely treatment.

Prioritise Stress Management

Chronic stress can disrupt hormones, so make time for mindfulness, meditation, or hobbies that help you relax.

Limit Processed Sugars and Refined Carbs

Reducing excess sugar intake can help stabilise insulin levels, which is important for hormonal health and cyst prevention.

Get Regular Check-ups

Regular visits to your gynaecologist and routine ultrasounds can help monitor cyst size and growth, ensuring early intervention if needed.

Can Ovarian Cysts Be Prevented?

No, ovarian cysts cannot always be prevented because they often develop naturally during a woman’s menstrual cycle. However, there are ways to lower the risk and keep your ovaries healthy, such as:

• Going for regular gynaecological check-ups
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle
• Managing stress
• Maintaining hormonal balance
• Getting treatment for PCOS or endometriosis

If you notice unusual symptoms like pelvic pain or irregular periods, it’s best to see a doctor or a fertility expert in the best possible fertility clinic in Lucknow.

Conclusion

Ovarian cysts are common in women and, in most cases, are harmless and go away on their own. But sometimes, they can cause pain, irregular periods, or fertility issues, which may require medical attention.

Understanding the symptoms, getting regular check-ups, and following your doctor’s advice can help manage them effectively.

Remember, early detection is the key to avoiding complications and keeping your reproductive health in good shape.

How Crysta IVF Can Help with Ovarian Cysts:

At Crysta IVF, we understand that ovarian cysts can be stressful, especially if you’re trying to conceive. Our team of experienced fertility specialists offers advanced diagnosis, personalised treatment, and compassionate care to help you overcome such challenges.

FAQs About Ovarian Cysts

Do ovarian cysts go away on their own?

Yes, most small ovarian cysts go away on their own within a few weeks or months without treatment. But in some cases, you can experience extreme pain and need to consult a doctor.

Can ovarian cysts be cancerous?

No, most ovarian cysts are not cancerous, but in older women, they can lead to cancer.

How do I know if my cyst has burst?

A burst cyst can cause sudden, sharp pelvic pain, bloating, and sometimes nausea, vomiting, or dizziness.

Can ovarian cysts cause weight gain?

No, generally ovarian cysts do not cause weight gain, but some cysts, especially those linked to hormonal changes, may cause bloating or slight weight gain.

What size of ovarian cyst is dangerous?

Cysts larger than 5 - 10 cm may need close monitoring or removal, as they can cause complications in the body.

What are the treatment options for ovarian cysts?

There are various treatment options for treating ovarian cysts. It includes watchful waiting, medicines like birth control pills, or surgery for large or problematic cysts.

What size ovarian cyst requires surgery?

Generally, the size of ovarian cysts above 5 - 10 cm, those causing severe pain and bloating, requires surgery.

What to expect after an ovarian cyst ruptures?

If your ovarian cyst ruptures, you may feel sharp pain, followed by some soreness for a few days.

What foods should I avoid if I have an ovarian cyst?

If you have ovarian cysts, you must avoid highly processed foods, sugary snacks, and fried or high-fat junk foods, as they can affect hormone balance.

Can I exercise with an ovarian cyst?

Yes, you can exercise with an ovarian cyst, but stick to gentle activities like walking or yoga. Avoid high-impact exercise if you have pain or a large cyst.

How does an ovarian cyst affect periods?

An ovarian cyst can cause irregular periods, heavier bleeding, or missed cycles, depending on its type.

Can an ovarian cyst cause lower back pain?

Yes, large cysts or those pressing on nearby areas can cause lower back or pelvic pain.

How to reduce ovarian cyst recurrence?

To reduce the recurrence of ovarian cysts, you need to maintain a healthy lifestyle, manage stress, and follow your doctor’s advice. Birth control pills may help in some cases.

What is the role of birth control in treating ovarian cysts?

Birth control pills can prevent ovulation, reducing the chance of new cysts forming.

Can ovarian cysts lead to infertility?

No, not all ovarian cysts lead to infertility, but cysts linked to conditions like endometriosis or PCOS can affect fertility.

Can ovarian cysts cause nausea or vomiting?

Yes, ovarian cysts can cause nausea or vomiting, especially if the cyst is large, ruptures, or causes the ovary to twist.

Do ovarian cysts cause bloating?

Yes, ovarian cysts cause bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen.

How long does it take for an ovarian cyst to disappear?

Most of the ovarian cysts disappear in 1 - 3 menstrual cycles, which might take around 4 - 12 weeks.

Are ovarian cysts hereditary?

No, ovarian cysts are not hereditary, but some conditions that cause cysts, like PCOS, can run in families.

What happens if an ovarian cyst is left untreated?

If the ovarian cyst is left untreated, it may grow, rupture, or twist the ovary, causing severe pain and possible damage.